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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Helwan</span></h1>
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<tr style="font-size: 90%"><td style="border: none;"><div style="margin: 0 0.3em"><div class="center centered" style="width:auto;">Geografische Lage von Helwan</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Helwan</b> (<a href="Arabische_Sprache" title="Arabische Sprache">arabisch</a> <bdo dir="ltr"><bdi dir="rtl" lang="ar" class="arabic spanAr" style="unicode-bidi:isolate;font-size:120%;">حلوان</bdi></bdo>, <a href="DIN_31635" title="DIN 31635">DMG</a> <i><span lang="ar-Latn" style="font-style:italic">Ḥulwān</span></i> ‚süßer Brunnen‘), auch <b>Heluan</b> oder <b>Helouna</b> geschrieben, ist eine <a href="Industrie" title="Industrie">Industriestadt</a> in <a href="%C3%84gypten" title="Ägypten">Ägypten</a>, ca. 25&nbsp;km südlich des <a href="Kairo" title="Kairo">Kairoer</a> Stadtteils <a href="Maadi" title="Maadi">Maadi</a> zwischen den <a href="Mokattam" class="mw-redirect" title="Mokattam">Mokattam</a>-Hügeln an den Ufern des <a href="Nil" title="Nil">Nils</a> gelegen. Sie hat etwa 643.327 Einwohner (Stand 2006)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und war vom 18. April 2008 bis zum 14.&nbsp;April 2011 zeitweilig Hauptstadt des gleichnamigen <a href="Gouvernement_Helwan" title="Gouvernement Helwan">Gouvernements Helwan</a>. Sie kann noch als <a href="Vorort" title="Vorort">Vorort</a> von Kairo gelten.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geschichte,_Wirtschaft,_Verkehr"><span id="Geschichte.2C_Wirtschaft.2C_Verkehr"></span>Geschichte, Wirtschaft, Verkehr</h2></div>
<p>Bis ins frühe 20. Jahrhundert hinein war Helwan ein <a href="Kurort" title="Kurort">Kurort</a> mit <a href="Heilbad" title="Heilbad">Heilbädern</a>, es gibt dort unter anderem <a href="Schwefel" title="Schwefel">schwefelhaltige</a> <a href="Thermalquelle" title="Thermalquelle">Thermalquellen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Seit dem Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts prägen <a href="Schwerindustrie" title="Schwerindustrie">Schwerindustrien</a> das Stadtbild, vor allem <a href="Eisen" title="Eisen">Eisen</a>- und <a href="Stahl" title="Stahl">Stahl</a><a href="Verh%C3%BCttung" class="mw-redirect" title="Verhüttung">verhüttung</a> und <a href="Textil" class="mw-redirect" title="Textil">Textil</a>- und <a href="Zement" title="Zement">Zementproduktion</a> sowie ein großes <a href="Elektrizit%C3%A4tswerk" title="Elektrizitätswerk">Elektrizitätswerk</a>. Aber auch der <a href="Automobil" title="Automobil">Automobilhersteller</a> <a href="El_Nasr_Automotive_Manufacturing_Company" title="El Nasr Automotive Manufacturing Company">El Nasr Automotive Manufacturing Company</a>, welcher einer der größten des Landes ist, hat hier seinen Sitz.
</p><p>Eine <a href="Eisenbahn" title="Eisenbahn">Eisenbahn</a>- und Straßenbrücke über den Nil verbindet Helwan mit <a href="Sakkara" title="Sakkara">Sakkara</a>. Die Stadt verfügt seit dem 26. Juli 1975 über die <a href="Helwan-Universit%C3%A4t" title="Helwan-Universität">Helwan-Universität</a>, die durch <a href="Deutschland" title="Deutschland">deutsche</a> <a href="Entwicklungshilfe" class="mw-redirect" title="Entwicklungshilfe">Entwicklungshilfe</a> wesentlich gefördert wurde und deren Vorgänger die <i>Operations School</i> war, sowie über ein <a href="Astronomie" title="Astronomie">astronomisches</a> <a href="Observatorium" title="Observatorium">Observatorium</a> am <a href="National_Research_Institute_of_Astronomy_and_Geophysics" title="National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics">National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics</a>.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ausgrabungsstätten"><span id="Ausgrabungsst.C3.A4tten"></span>Ausgrabungsstätten</h2></div>

<p>Die Gegend um Helwan ist von <a href="Arch%C3%A4ologie" title="Archäologie">archäologischem</a> wie <a href="%C3%84gyptologie" title="Ägyptologie">ägyptologischem</a> Interesse. Unweit der Stadt wurden die ältesten Gräber Ägyptens gefunden, die insgesamt rund 10.000 Bestattungen stammen zum Großteil aus der <a href="Pr%C3%A4dynastik" title="Prädynastik">vordynastischen Epoche</a> und der <a href="Fr%C3%BChdynastische_Periode" title="Frühdynastische Periode">Frühzeit</a> (3300–2700 v.&nbsp;Chr.). In den Gräbern entdeckten die Archäologen die frühesten Königsnamen sowie zahllose Gefäßritzungen, die <a href="Anonymit%C3%A4t" title="Anonymität">anonyme</a> <a href="Serech" title="Serech">Serechs</a> zeigen. Daneben wurden <a href="Mastaba" title="Mastaba">Mastabas</a> aus der <a href="2._Dynastie" class="mw-redirect" title="2. Dynastie">zweiten</a>, <a href="3._Dynastie" class="mw-redirect" title="3. Dynastie">dritten</a> und <a href="4._Dynastie" class="mw-redirect" title="4. Dynastie">vierten</a> <a href="Dynastie" title="Dynastie">Dynastie</a> ausgegraben, die verschiedene Weiterentwicklungen im Bauwesen erkennen lassen. Bemerkenswert sind die <a href="Haushund" title="Haushund">Hundebestattungen</a> der Gräber <i>667.H5</i> und <i>680.H5</i>.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Klimatabelle">Klimatabelle</h2></div>
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<tbody><tr><th>Helwan</th></tr>
<tr><th style="font-size: 90%">Klimadiagramm</th></tr>
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<tbody><tr><td>J</td><td>F</td><td>M</td><td>A</td><td>M</td><td>J</td><td>J</td><td>A</td><td>S</td><td>O</td><td>N</td><td>D</td></tr>
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<div style="height:8em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-top:dotted 1px #cba;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;z-index:1;padding:0;margin:-1px 0">&nbsp;</div>
<div style="background:#AACCEE; color:inherit;;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.02em;z-index:3;overflow:hidden">&nbsp;</div>
<div style="color: var(--color-progressive, #3366cc); position:absolute; bottom:.5em; left:0; width:1.6em; height:1.5em; text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:70%">1</span></div><div style="overflow:hidden;background:#EE4444; color:inherit; position:absolute;left:.4em; width:0.8em; z-index:4;bottom:13.58em;height:2.32em;">&nbsp;</div>
<div style="color: var(--color-destructive, #D73333); position:absolute; bottom:15.9em; left:-.4em; width:1.6em; height:1.5em; text-align:right;z-index:4"><span style="font-size:80%">30</span></div>
<div style="color: var(--color-destructive, #D73333); position:absolute; bottom:12.08em; left:-.4em; width:1.6em; height:1.5em; text-align:right;z-index:4"><span style="font-size:80%">18</span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="width:1.6em;height:20em;position:relative;z-index:-1;padding:0;margin:0">
<div style="height:8em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-top:dotted 1px #cba;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;z-index:1;padding:0;margin:-1px 0">&nbsp;</div>
<div style="background:#AACCEE; color:inherit;;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.06em;z-index:3;overflow:hidden">&nbsp;</div>
<div style="color: var(--color-progressive, #3366cc); position:absolute; bottom:.5em; left:0; width:1.6em; height:1.5em; text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:70%">3</span></div><div style="overflow:hidden;background:#EE4444; color:inherit; position:absolute;left:.4em; width:0.8em; z-index:4;bottom:12.82em;height:2.12em;">&nbsp;</div>
<div style="color: var(--color-destructive, #D73333); position:absolute; bottom:14.94em; left:-.4em; width:1.6em; height:1.5em; text-align:right;z-index:4"><span style="font-size:80%">25</span></div>
<div style="color: var(--color-destructive, #D73333); position:absolute; bottom:11.32em; left:-.4em; width:1.6em; height:1.5em; text-align:right;z-index:4"><span style="font-size:80%">14</span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="width:1.6em;height:20em;position:relative;z-index:-1;padding:0;margin:0">
<div style="height:8em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-top:dotted 1px #cba;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;z-index:1;padding:0;margin:-1px 0">&nbsp;</div>
<div style="background:#AACCEE; color:inherit;;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.12em;z-index:3;overflow:hidden">&nbsp;</div>
<div style="color: var(--color-progressive, #3366cc); position:absolute; bottom:.5em; left:0; width:1.6em; height:1.5em; text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:70%">6</span></div><div style="overflow:hidden;background:#EE4444; color:inherit; position:absolute;left:.4em; width:0.8em; z-index:4;bottom:11.96em;height:2em;">&nbsp;</div>
<div style="color: var(--color-destructive, #D73333); position:absolute; bottom:13.96em; left:-.4em; width:1.6em; height:1.5em; text-align:right;z-index:4"><span style="font-size:80%">20</span></div>
<div style="color: var(--color-destructive, #D73333); position:absolute; bottom:10.46em; left:-.4em; width:1.6em; height:1.5em; text-align:right;z-index:4"><span style="font-size:80%">10</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span style="background:#e44;color: transparent; width: 12px; line-height:12px;display:inline-block;">_</span> <a href="Monatsmitteltemperatur" title="Monatsmitteltemperatur">Temperatur</a> (°C)</span>&nbsp;&nbsp; <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span style="background:#ace;color: transparent; width: 12px; line-height:12px;display:inline-block;">_</span> <a href="Niederschlag#Niederschlagsmenge" title="Niederschlag">Niederschlag</a> (mm)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1em; font-size:85%"><b>Quelle:</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wetterkontor.de/de/klima/klima2.asp?land=eg&amp;stat=62378">wetterkontor.de</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table class="hintergrundfarbe-basis" style="border: 1px solid #B5B5B5; margin-bottom:.5em; border-spacing:4px;">

<tbody><tr>
<td>
<div style="font-size:95%; text-align:center; margin-bottom:5px;"><b>Monatliche Durchschnittstemperaturen und -niederschläge für Helwan</b></div>
<table class="toptextcells hintergrundfarbe5" style="padding: 5px; border-spacing:1px; text-align:center; font-size:95%; margin-bottom:10px;">

<tbody><tr>
<td style="height:15px">
</td>
<td style="width:45px">Jan
</td>
<td style="width:45px">Feb
</td>
<td style="width:45px">Mär
</td>
<td style="width:45px">Apr
</td>
<td style="width:45px">Mai
</td>
<td style="width:45px">Jun
</td>
<td style="width:45px">Jul
</td>
<td style="width:45px">Aug
</td>
<td style="width:45px">Sep
</td>
<td style="width:45px">Okt
</td>
<td style="width:45px">Nov
</td>
<td style="width:45px">Dez
</td>
<td style="padding-left:6px; padding-right:3px;">
</td>
<td style="width:45px">
</td></tr>


<tr>
<td style="height:20px; text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="Mittlere höchste Tagestemperatur in Grad Celsius">Mittl. Tagesmax. (°C)</abbr>
</td>
<td style="background: #FFA500;">18,4
</td>
<td style="background: #FF8C00;">20,4
</td>
<td style="background: #FF8C00;">23,7
</td>
<td style="background: #FF6347;">28,4
</td>
<td style="background: #FF4040;">32,1
</td>
<td style="background: #FF4040;">34,9
</td>
<td style="background: #FF4040;">34,9
</td>
<td style="background: #FF4040;">34,5
</td>
<td style="background: #FF4040;">32,4
</td>
<td style="background: #FF6347;">29,5
</td>
<td style="background: #FF8C00;">24,7
</td>
<td style="background: #FFA500;">19,8
</td>
<td style="padding-left:6px; padding-right:3px; font-size: 110%;"><b>⌀</b>
</td>
<td style="background: #FF6347;"><b>27,8</b>
</td></tr>


<tr>
<td style="height:20px; text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="Mittlere niedrigste Tagestemperatur in Grad Celsius">Mittl. Tagesmin. (°C)</abbr>
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFF99;">8,1
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFF99;">9,1
</td>
<td style="background: #FFCC66;">11,1
</td>
<td style="background: #FFCC66;">14,2
</td>
<td style="background: #FFA500;">17,4
</td>
<td style="background: #FFA500;">19,9
</td>
<td style="background: #FF8C00;">20,8
</td>
<td style="background: #FF8C00;">21,2
</td>
<td style="background: #FF8C00;">20,2
</td>
<td style="background: #FFA500;">17,9
</td>
<td style="background: #FFCC66;">14,1
</td>
<td style="background: #FFFF99;">9,8
</td>
<td style="padding-left:6px; padding-right:3px; font-size: 110%"><b>⌀</b>
</td>
<td style="background: #FFA500;"><b>15,3</b>
</td></tr>


<tr>
<td colspan="15" style="height:5px;">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="height:20px; text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Niederschlag#Niederschlagsmenge" title="Niederschlag">Niederschlag</a> (<abbr title="Millimeter = Liter pro Quadratmeter">mm</abbr>)
</td>
<td style="background: #EED8AE;">6
</td>
<td style="background: #EED8AE;">4
</td>
<td style="background: #EED8AE;">4
</td>
<td style="background: #EED8AE;">2
</td>
<td style="background: #EED8AE;">2
</td>
<td style="background: #EED8AE;">0
</td>
<td style="background: #EED8AE;">0
</td>
<td style="background: #EED8AE;">0
</td>
<td style="background: #EED8AE;">0
</td>
<td style="background: #EED8AE;">1
</td>
<td style="background: #EED8AE;">3
</td>
<td style="background: #EED8AE;">6
</td>
<td style="padding-left:6px; padding-right:3px; font-size: 110%"><b>Σ</b>
</td>
<td style="background: #EED8AE;"><b>28</b>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="15" style="height:5px;">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="height:20px; text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Sonnenschein" title="Sonnenschein">Sonnenstunden</a> (<abbr title="Stunden pro Tag">h/d</abbr>)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFCC66;">7,0
</td>
<td style="background: #FFA500;">7,5
</td>
<td style="background: #FFA500;">8,1
</td>
<td style="background: #FFA500;">9,2
</td>
<td style="background: #FF8C00;">10,3
</td>
<td style="background: #FF8C00;">11,1
</td>
<td style="background: #FF8C00;">11,3
</td>
<td style="background: #FF8C00;">10,9
</td>
<td style="background: #FFA500;">9,9
</td>
<td style="background: #FFA500;">9,3
</td>
<td style="background: #FFA500;">8,2
</td>
<td style="background: #FFCC66;">6,7
</td>
<td style="padding-left:6px; padding-right:3px; font-size: 110%"><b>⌀</b>
</td>
<td style="background: #FFA500;"><b>9,1</b>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="15" style="height:5px;">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="height:20px; text-align:left; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Regentag" title="Regentag">Regentage</a> (<abbr title="Tag">d</abbr>)
</td>
<td style="background: #FFF8DC;">2
</td>
<td style="background: #EED8AE;">1
</td>
<td style="background: #EED8AE;">1
</td>
<td style="background: #EED8AE;">0
</td>
<td style="background: #EED8AE;">0
</td>
<td style="background: #EED8AE;">0
</td>
<td style="background: #EED8AE;">0
</td>
<td style="background: #EED8AE;">0
</td>
<td style="background: #EED8AE;">0
</td>
<td style="background: #EED8AE;">0
</td>
<td style="background: #EED8AE;">1
</td>
<td style="background: #EED8AE;">1
</td>
<td style="padding-left:6px; padding-right:3px; font-size: 110%"><b>Σ</b>
</td>
<td style="background: #EED8AE;"><b>6</b>
</td></tr>


<tr>
<td colspan="15" style="height:5px;">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="height:20px; text-align:left;"><a href="Luftfeuchtigkeit" title="Luftfeuchtigkeit">Luftfeuchtigkeit</a> (<abbr title="Prozent">%</abbr>)
</td>
<td style="background: #8AB0FF;">61
</td>
<td style="background: #B9D3FF;">54
</td>
<td style="background: #CFE8FF;">48
</td>
<td style="background: #CFE8FF;">43
</td>
<td style="background: #CFE8FF;">40
</td>
<td style="background: #CFE8FF;">42
</td>
<td style="background: #B9D3FF;">55
</td>
<td style="background: #B9D3FF;">54
</td>
<td style="background: #B9D3FF;">59
</td>
<td style="background: #B9D3FF;">55
</td>
<td style="background: #8AB0FF;">60
</td>
<td style="background: #B9D3FF;">58
</td>
<td style="padding-left:6px; padding-right:3px; font-size: 110%"><b>⌀</b>
</td>
<td style="background: #B9D3FF;"><b>52,4</b>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table class="hintergrundfarbe1" style="float:left; font-size:75%; margin-top:10px; text-align:center; margin-left:15px; display:none; height:220px;">

<tbody><tr>
<td rowspan="2" class="hintergrundfarbe-basis" style="padding-right: 3px; line-height:150%;">T<br>e<br>m<br>p<br>e<br>r<br>a<br>t<br>u<br>r
</td>
<td class="hintergrundfarbe1" style="vertical-align: bottom; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 8px; border-left: 1px solid gray; border-bottom: 1px solid gray;">
<table title="Januar" style="text-align:center; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:7pt; height:112;">
<caption style="border-bottom:2px solid var(--border-color-destructive, #D73333);">18,4
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th class="hintergrundfarbe8" style="width:21px; height:52px;">
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid var(--border-color-progressive, #3366CC); height:61px;">8,1
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td>
<td class="hintergrundfarbe1" style="vertical-align: bottom; padding-right: 8px; border-bottom: 1px solid gray;">
<table title="Februar" style="text-align:center; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:7pt; height:122;">
<caption style="border-bottom:2px solid var(--border-color-destructive, #D73333);">20,4
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th class="hintergrundfarbe8" style="width:21px; height:57px;">
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid var(--border-color-progressive, #3366CC); height:66px;">9,1
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td>
<td class="hintergrundfarbe1" style="vertical-align: bottom; padding-right: 8px; border-bottom: 1px solid gray;">
<table title="März" style="text-align:center; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:7pt; height:139;">
<caption style="border-bottom:2px solid var(--border-color-destructive, #D73333);">23,7
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th class="hintergrundfarbe8" style="width:21px; height:63px;">
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid var(--border-color-progressive, #3366CC); height:76px;">11,1
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td>
<td class="hintergrundfarbe1" style="vertical-align: bottom; padding-right: 8px; border-bottom: 1px solid gray;">
<table title="April" style="text-align:center; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:7pt; height:162;">
<caption style="border-bottom:2px solid var(--border-color-destructive, #D73333);">28,4
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th class="hintergrundfarbe8" style="width:21px; height:71px;">
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid var(--border-color-progressive, #3366CC); height:91px;">14,2
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td>
<td class="hintergrundfarbe1" style="vertical-align: bottom; padding-right: 8px; border-bottom: 1px solid gray;">
<table title="Mai" style="text-align:center; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:7pt; height:181;">
<caption style="border-bottom:2px solid var(--border-color-destructive, #D73333);">32,1
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th class="hintergrundfarbe8" style="width:21px; height:74px;">
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid var(--border-color-progressive, #3366CC); height:107px;">17,4
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td>
<td class="hintergrundfarbe1" style="vertical-align: bottom; padding-right: 8px; border-bottom: 1px solid gray;">
<table title="Juni" style="text-align:center; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:7pt; height:195;">
<caption style="border-bottom:2px solid var(--border-color-destructive, #D73333);">34,9
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th class="hintergrundfarbe8" style="width:21px; height:75px;">
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid var(--border-color-progressive, #3366CC); height:120px;">19,9
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td>
<td class="hintergrundfarbe1" style="vertical-align: bottom; padding-right: 8px; border-bottom: 1px solid gray;">
<table title="Juli" style="text-align:center; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:7pt; height:195;">
<caption style="border-bottom:2px solid var(--border-color-destructive, #D73333);">34,9
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th class="hintergrundfarbe8" style="width:21px; height:71px;">
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid var(--border-color-progressive, #3366CC); height:124px;">20,8
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td>
<td class="hintergrundfarbe1" style="vertical-align: bottom; padding-right: 8px; border-bottom: 1px solid gray;">
<table title="August" style="text-align:center; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:7pt; height:193;">
<caption style="border-bottom:2px solid var(--border-color-destructive, #D73333);">34,5
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th class="hintergrundfarbe8" style="width:21px; height:67px;">
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid var(--border-color-progressive, #3366CC); height:126px;">21,2
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td>
<td class="hintergrundfarbe1" style="vertical-align: bottom; padding-right: 8px; border-bottom: 1px solid gray;">
<table title="September" style="text-align:center; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:7pt; height:182;">
<caption style="border-bottom:2px solid var(--border-color-destructive, #D73333);">32,4
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th class="hintergrundfarbe8" style="width:21px; height:61px;">
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid var(--border-color-progressive, #3366CC); height:121px;">20,2
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td>
<td class="hintergrundfarbe1" style="vertical-align: bottom; padding-right: 8px; border-bottom: 1px solid gray;">
<table title="Oktober" style="text-align:center; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:7pt; height:168;">
<caption style="border-bottom:2px solid var(--border-color-destructive, #D73333);">29,5
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th class="hintergrundfarbe8" style="width:21px; height:58px;">
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid var(--border-color-progressive, #3366CC); height:110px;">17,9
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td>
<td class="hintergrundfarbe1" style="vertical-align: bottom; padding-right: 8px; border-bottom: 1px solid gray;">
<table title="November" style="text-align:center; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:7pt; height:144;">
<caption style="border-bottom:2px solid var(--border-color-destructive, #D73333);">24,7
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th class="hintergrundfarbe8" style="width:21px; height:53px;">
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid var(--border-color-progressive, #3366CC); height:91px;">14,1
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td>
<td class="hintergrundfarbe1" style="vertical-align: bottom; padding-right: 8px; border-bottom: 1px solid gray;">
<table title="Dezember" style="text-align:center; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:7pt; height:119;">
<caption style="border-bottom:2px solid var(--border-color-destructive, #D73333);">19,8
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th class="hintergrundfarbe8" style="width:21px; height:50px;">
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid var(--border-color-progressive, #3366CC); height:69px;">9,8
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr class="hintergrundfarbe-basis">
<td style="padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 8px;">Jan
</td>
<td style="padding-right: 8px;">Feb
</td>
<td style="padding-right: 8px;">Mär
</td>
<td style="padding-right: 8px;">Apr
</td>
<td style="padding-right: 8px;">Mai
</td>
<td style="padding-right: 8px;">Jun
</td>
<td style="padding-right: 8px;">Jul
</td>
<td style="padding-right: 8px;">Aug
</td>
<td style="padding-right: 8px;">Sep
</td>
<td style="padding-right: 8px;">Okt
</td>
<td style="padding-right: 8px;">Nov
</td>
<td style="padding-right: 8px;">Dez
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div style="clear:right;font-size:85%; line-height:1em; margin-top:5px;"><b>Quelle:</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wetterkontor.de/de/klima/klima2.asp?land=eg&amp;stat=62378">wetterkontor.de</a></div>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Das_Al-Aqrab-Gefängnis"><span id="Das_Al-Aqrab-Gef.C3.A4ngnis"></span>Das Al-Aqrab-Gefängnis</h2></div>
<p>In Helwan befindet sich das <a href="Al-Aqrab-Gef%C3%A4ngnis" title="Al-Aqrab-Gefängnis">Al-Aqrab-Gefängnis</a>, offizieller Name Tora Prison 992 Most-Security. Die als Foltergefängnis berüchtigte Institution, in der vor allem Regimegegner inhaftiert werden, wurde 1993 unter Innenminister <a href="Habib_al-Adli" title="Habib al-Adli">Habib al-Adli</a> errichtet. Das Gefängnis umfasst 320 Zellen, fünf davon werden zur „Disziplinierung“ genutzt.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Wolfgang_Helck" title="Wolfgang Helck">Wolfgang Helck</a>, Eberhard Otto, Rosemarie Drenkhahn: <i>Kleines Lexikon der Ägyptologie</i>. 4. Auflage. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1999, ISBN 3-447-04027-0, S.&nbsp;123.</li>
<li>Wolfgang Helck: <i>Untersuchungen zur Thinitenzeit.</i> (= <i>Ägyptologische Abhandlungen.</i> Band&nbsp;46). Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1987, ISBN 3-447-02677-4, S.&nbsp;44.&nbsp;121.</li>
<li>David Jeffreys: <i>Helwan.</i> In: Kathryn A. Bard (Hrsg.): <i>Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt.</i> Routledge, London 1999, ISBN 0-415-18589-0, S. 367–68.</li>
<li>Michel Rauch: <i>Ägypten</i>. DuMont, Köln/Luxemburg 2010, ISBN 978-3-7701-7647-2, S.&nbsp;21.&nbsp;336.</li>
<li>Dan Richardson: <i>Rough Guide to Egypt</i>. Rough Guides, London 2003, ISBN 1-84353-050-3, S.&nbsp;191.</li>
<li>Michael Rice: <i>Egypt’s Making: The Origins of Ancient Egypt 5000–2000 BC</i>. Routledge, London 2003, ISBN 0-415-26875-3, S.&nbsp;134–142.</li>
<li>Zaki Youssef Saad: <i>The royal excavations at Saqqara and Helwan (1941–1945)</i>. In: <i>Supplements aux Annales du Service des Antiquites de l’Égypte.</i> Nr. 3. Kairo 1947.</li>
<li><a href="Eva_Christiana_K%C3%B6hler" title="Eva Christiana Köhler">Eva Christiana Köhler</a>: <i>Helwan I. Excavations in the Early Dynastic Cemetery. Season 1997/98</i> (= <i>Studien zur Archäologie und Geschichte Altägyptens.</i> Band 24). Heidelberger Orientverlag, Heidelberg 2005, ISBN 3-927552-42-9.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><div class="noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wikivoyage"></span></span></div><b><a href="https://de.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Helwan" class="extiw external" title="voy:Helwan">Wikivoyage: Helwan</a></b>&nbsp;– Reiseführer</div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://egyptology.univie.ac.at/forschung/projekte/abgeschlossene-projekte/helwan-projekt/">Helwan-Projekt der Universität Wien</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r261891140">
/* start https://de.wikipedia.org/ */


.mw-parser-output .webarchiv-memento a{color:inherit}


/* end https://de.wikipedia.org/ */
</style><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081211234552/http://www.msrintranet.capmas.gov.eg/pls/indcs/cns_st_001_m?lang=0&amp;lname=FDL&amp;gv=01&amp;d=3">Einwohner- und Haushaltszählung 2006 durch die <i>Central Agency for Public Mobilisation and Statistics Cairo</i></a> (<span class="webarchiv-memento"><a href="Webarchivierung#Begrifflichkeiten" title="Webarchivierung">Memento</a></span> vom 11. Dezember 2008 im <i><a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></i>) (englisch)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dfg-viewer.de/show?tx_dlf%5Bdouble%5D=0&amp;tx_dlf%5Bid%5D=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de%2Fzefys%2FSNP27646518-19050929-0-0-0-0.xml&amp;tx_dlf%5Bpage%5D=4&amp;cHash=fc5dd993f88165524a67d2bd2ce265ba">Werbung für ein Hotel-Sanatorium in Helouan</a>, In: <i><a href="Berliner_Tageblatt" title="Berliner Tageblatt">Berliner Tageblatt</a></i>, 29. September 1905.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwin van den Brink, Christiane Köhler: <i>Four Jars with Incised Serekh-Signs from Helwan Recently Retrieved from the Cairo Museum.</i> In: <i>Göttinger Miszellen. Beiträge zur ägyptologischen Diskussion.</i> Band 187, 2002, S. 57 Abb. 2.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marsad-egypt.info/en/2016/03/07/al-aqrab-prison-the-death-camp-of-egypts-dissidents/"><i>al-aqrab-prison, the death camp of egypts dissidents.</i></a> Auf: <i>marsad-egypt.info</i>; abgerufen am 23. Dezember 2017.</span>
</li>
</ol>
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Normdaten&nbsp;(Geografikum): <a href="Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4409012-2">4409012-2</a></span> | <a href="Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/245817151/">245817151</a></span> </div>
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